Voltage regulation ye mun ye?

Tuma min na DataCenter baarakɛlaw Amazon Web Services la, u y’a kɔlɔsi ko serwɛriw binna minnu ma labɛn, u ka ɲinini waatiw la, diagnostics y’a jira ko jalakiba bɛ u la: tension inconsistances (voltasiyɔn bɛnbaliya) u ka fanga tila-tila sira kan. O ɲɛnabɔli tun bɛ ɲini ka tension regulation systems avancés ({1}}Highlighting cogo min na nin kuran hakilina jɔnjɔn in bɛ nɔ bila bi infrastructure reliability la k’a ɲɛsin a ma. Voltage regulation bɛ a jira ni i ka kuran siraw bɛ baara kɛ ka ɲɛ walima ni u bɛna tiɲɛniw sɔrɔ minnu musaka ka bon, k’a ta telefɔni seleke naani na ka se iziniw ma.

Voltage regulation bɛ tali kɛ kuran sɔrɔcogo la ka bɔli tension basigilen mara hali ni fɛn dɔw bɛ don a kɔnɔ walima doni cogoyaw la. O seko in bɛ sariya jɔnjɔn dɔ jira fangako ni ɛntɛrinɛti dilanni fila bɛɛ la, yɔrɔ min na hali tension misɛnniw bɛ se ka kɛ minɛnw tiɲɛni walima lakana faratiw ye.

Hakilila bɛ jira cogo fila la minnu tɛ kelen ye: i n’a fɔ fɛn min bɛ fɛn caman sɛgɛsɛgɛ, o bɛ fɛn caman sɛmɛntiya, ani i n’a fɔ a bɛ kɛ cogo min na, a bɛ kɛ ni waleyali ye min bɛ kɛ ni minɛnw labɛnni ye. Kuranko siratigɛ la, tension regulation bɛ jate iko dimensionless ratio: (VNL - vfl)/VFL, yɔrɔ min na VNL bɛ No-Loge voltage jira ani VFL bɛ dafalen jira-load voltage. Kɛmɛsarada la, a bɛ sariyasunba sanfɛla jira-Sistɛm ideal bɛna 0% sɔrɔ, o kɔrɔ ye ko zero voltage changement no-load ani full-Load conditions cɛ.

Voltage regulation nafa jɔnjɔn bɛ tɛmɛ fɛɛrɛko ɲɛfɔli kan ka don baarakɛcogo la min bɛ se ka ye. Sisitɛmu minnu bɛ ni sariyasunba ye, olu bɛ dɛsɛ cogo saba sɔrɔ minnu ka jugu kosɛbɛ, jɛkuluw tɛ se ka minnu jate.

A fɔlɔ, minɛnw tiɲɛni bɛ teliya kosɛbɛ tension (volta) sabatilenw kɔnɔ. Kuranko minɛn minnu dilannen don ni tension kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnenw ye, olu bɛ nafa dɔgɔya ani ka ɲɛnamaya surunya ni u bɛ baara kɛ yɔrɔ ɲumanw na, ni induction moteurs bɛ bɔnɛw jira minnu bɛ se ka caya sumanikɛcogo jugu kɔnɔ. Fɛn dilanyɔrɔ min bɛ baara kɛ ni 10% ye, o bɛ se ka kɛ sababu ye ka baara kɛcogo ɲuman bɔnɛw ye minnu bɛ tɛmɛ 15% kan, ka baara kɛ ni fanga tiɲɛniba ye san o san.

Filanan, voltage basigibaliya bɛ cascading protection system failures (cascading protection system failations) lawuli. Ni jatebɔyɔrɔw bɛ tension (volta) jiginni sɔrɔ donibaw waati la, lakanani minɛnw bɛ se ka tigɛ kun tɛ, ka kɛ sababu ye ka tiɲɛni caman kɛ minnu bɛ jɛnsɛn ni sigida minnu bɛ ɲɔgɔn cɛ. 2003 Northeast Blackout ye nin bɔnɛ in jira-Voltage irregularities ye dɔ fara ko kɛlenw kan minnu ye mɔgɔ miliyɔn 50 to fanga tɛ minnu na.

Sabanan, bi elekitoronikiw bɛ tension (volta) tolerances (voltaji muɲuni) gɛlɛya ka taa a fɛ. Microprocesseurs, memory chips, ani numérique control systems bɛ baara kɛ tension windows kɔnɔ tuma dɔw la ka dɔgɔ ka tɛmɛ ±50 milivolts kan. Ni sɛrɛkiliw bɛ ɲɔgɔn na minnu bɛ tension hakɛ caman ni fanga hakɛ caya, jiginni bɔnɛw kɛra ko kɔrɔba ye-Driving Innovation to integrated Voltage Regulators positionned in direct in chip packages.

Nafolo nɔfɛkow bɛ nin fɛɛrɛko haminankow juguya. Medium-Donanscenter hakɛ min bɛ tension regulation ko la, o bɛ se ka kɛ sababu ye ka $50.000-200.000 sɔrɔ minɛnw falenni musakaw la san o san, ka fara sɔrɔ bɔnɛw kan ka bɔ jɔli waati la. Nafamafɛnw ta fan fɛ, sariya juguw bɛ na ni kiliyanw ka ɲininkaliw ye, sariyaw ka jalakiw, ani fɛnsɔrɔsiraw jiginni wajibiyalenw ye minnu bɛ se ka se dɔrɔmɛ miliyɔn caman ma.

Voltage Regulation

Faamuyali sariyasun bɛ daminɛ n’a ka ɲɛfɔli hakɛlama ye. Voltage regulation kɛmɛsarada la, a bɛ sɛgɛsɛgɛli kɛ tension (volta) caman bɛ yeli kɛ cogo min na, o bɛ kɛ cogo min na, o bɛ kɛ cogo min na, o bɛ kɛ cogo min na, o bɛ kɛ cogo min na, o bɛ kɛ cogo min na, o bɛ kɛ cogo min na.

Voltage Regulation (%)=[(VNL - VFL) / VFL] × 100

Min:

vnl=no-Dondasiyɔn (Siraw ka cogoya dafalen, zero current flow)

vfl=Full-Lode voltage (maximum designed current draw)

Nin formula in bɛ jɛɲɔgɔnya inversé jira ni jogo ɲuman ye: kɛmɛsarada la, dɔgɔya bɛ sariya ɲuman jira. Kuran sɔrɔyɔrɔ ɲuman tun bɛna tension kelen mara doni mana kɛ min o min ye, ka 0% sariya sɔrɔ. Real-Duniɲa sitɛmuw bɛ 1-5% laɲini cogoya la-Baarakɛcogo ɲumanw na, hali ni a bɛ se ka kɛ ko a bɛ se ka kɛ fɛn ye min bɛ se ka kɛ fɛn ye min bɛ se ka 5-10% muɲu, k’a sɔrɔ fɛnw bɛ se ka kɛ 1% duguma.

Aw ye misali nafama dɔ jateminɛ: fanga transformateur bɛ 120V bɔ ni doni tɛ a la. Ni aw bɛ kuran hakɛ maksimali ja, tension bɛ jigin ka se 114V ma. Labɛnni jatebɔ bɛ sɔrɔ: (120-114)/114 × 100=5.26%. O b’a jira ko sariyasunba damadɔ bɛ sɔn ka kɛ fɛn ye min bɛ se ka kɛ ka ɲɛsin izini baarakɛcogo bɛɛ ma nka a tɛ se ka kɛ ɛntɛrinɛti kan min bɛ se ka kunbɛn ka ɲɛ.

Formula in yɔrɔw bɛ kuran kɛcogo jɔnjɔn jira. No-Load voltage bɛ source ka teori bɔli jira k’a sɔrɔ bɔnɛw ma resistive walima reactive ka bɔ current flow la. Full-Lode voltage bɛ jate ka ɲɛsin voltage jigintaw ma impedansi bɛɛ kan jiginni sira kan-conducteur resistance, transformateur windings, connection points. Danfara bɛ jateminɛ kɛ cogo min na sigida lakika bɛ bɔ kɛwale ɲumanw na.

Metiri saba minnu bɛ ɲɔgɔn dafa, olu bɛ sariyasunba ja dafa:

Layini sariyasunba .Sumanw bɛ bɔ bɔli tension sabatili la ka kɛɲɛ ni donna tension variations ye. A jiralen don i n’a fɔ fɛn sɔngɔ caman yeli kɛmɛsarada la fɛn donta hakɛ kelen na, a nafa ka bon kosɛbɛ batiri la-Fotaw bɛ sɔrɔ minɛn minnu na, olu bɛ dɔgɔya yɔrɔ minnu na, sɛnɛfɛnw bɔli waati. Quality line regulators bɛ bɔli mara 0,1% kɔnɔ hali ni 10-20% doncogo caman ɲɔgɔnna.

Load Regulation .A bɛ bɔli tension (volta) hakɛ jateminɛ doni dafalen hakɛ la ka bɔ zeru la ka se current (kurunba) maksimali ma. A ɲɛfɔlen don ko tension (volta) danfara hakɛ min bɛ sɔrɔ conditions (dafalen) ni doni dafalen cɛ voltage (volta) doni dafalen kan. Switching power supplies ka teli ka 1-3% doni sariya sɔrɔ, ka sɔrɔ linear regulators bɛ se ka se 0,1% duguma.

Funteni hakɛ dantigɛli .A bɛ tension sabatili taamasiyɛn kɛ baarakɛ funteni hakɛw cɛ. Seko ni dɔnko yɔrɔw bɛ funteniba lase, ani semiconducteur voltage references bɛ wuli ni funteni hakɛ ye min bɛ suman yɔrɔ miliyɔn kelen na degɛrɛ kelen na (ppm/℃). Sitimɛ minnu bɛ kɛ ka ɲɛ, olu bɛ funteni hakɛ jateminɛ minnu bɛ 50 ppm/℃duguma , minnu bɛ se ka sɔrɔ ni fɛnw ye minnu bɛ se ka kɛ ni fɛnw ye minnu bɛ se ka kɛ.

Voltage regulation in power transmission bɛ a jira cogo min na kuran nafolo cogoya ka bon-Scale infrastructure design. Transmission lines bɛ ni resistance, inductance ani capacitance ye u bangenen na minnu bɛ to ka voltage caman sɛmɛntiya u janya la, ka nɔ bila u bonya ni u fasa fan fila bɛɛ la. O paramɛtɛrɛw jɛnsɛnnenw bɛ tension profiles complexes (voltasiyɔn profiles) dilan minnu ka kan ka modeli kɛ ka ɲɛ walasa ka grid (grid) baarakɛcogo dannamɔgɔ sɔrɔ.

Impedance jɛɲɔgɔnya bɛ transmission kɛcogo ɲɛnabɔ. Ni kuran bɛ tɛmɛ layini rezisti R fɛ, a bɛ in-fasa voltage drop (IR) bɔ. O waati kelen na, kuran min bɛ tɛmɛ inductive reactance X fɛ, o bɛ tension drop current (kurunba) dɔ Dabɔ ni degere 90 ye (IXL). capacitive susceptance bɛ chargeur currents (sarali kurunw) jira minnu yɔrɔ dɔw bɛ inductive effects (inductive effects) bɔ. O yɔrɔw ka vektɔri jatebɔ bɛ cikan yɛrɛyɛrɛ de latigɛ-End voltage wajibiyalen don walasa ka se ka jaabi ɲininen sɔrɔ{7}}End voltage.

Power Factor bɛ nɔba bila sariyasunba juguya la. Inductive loads bɛ kɛ sababu ye ka lagging current sɔrɔ min bɛ dɔ fara cikan wajibiyalen kan-End voltage magnitude, ka sɔrɔ capacitive loads ni leading current bɛ se ka counterintuitively ka ci voltage dɔgɔya ka tɛmɛ receving voltage kan. Nin ko in b’a ɲɛfɔ mun na utilités bɛ baara kɛ ni kondensatɛri bankiw ye walasa ka fanga factor correction-U bɛ dɔ bɔ transmission bɔnɛw ni voltage regulation regulation wajibiyalenw bɛɛ la waati kelen na.

Modeli kɛcogo saba bɛ dɔ fara tiɲɛni kan ka kɛɲɛ ni gɛlɛya musakaw ye:

Layini surunw ka surunya .(Km 80 jukɔrɔ) bɛ capacitance (capacitance) jate, ka layini minɛ i n’a fɔ series resistance (seriyali) ani inductance (inductance). Nin misali nɔgɔman in bɛ tiɲɛni ±5-10% di min bɛ se ka kɛ labɛn fɔlɔ ye nka a tɛ se ka fanga nafamaw minɛ tigɛli janw na.

Layini cɛmancɛ la, a bɛ kɛ cogo min na .(80-250 km) A bɛ shunt capacitance tila ɲɔgɔn na ci ni jaabi dakunw na, ka kɛ π ɲɔgɔndan tɔgɔla sɛrɛkili ye. Tiɲɛni bɛ ɲɛ ka se ±2-3% ma, o b’a to a bɛnnen don jatebɔcogo sɛgɛsɛgɛli fanba ma.

Layini janw ka surunya .(Km 250 sanfɛ) bɛ impedansi ni a doncogo jɛnsɛn cogo kelen na layini janya la, o bɛ danfara don ni danfaralanw ye. Nin fɛɛrɛ tigitigi in bɛ kɛ nafama ye sanfɛ-voltage cikan na yɔrɔ min na hali 1% filiw bɛ fanga megawattw ni voltage deviations significatifs jira.

Misali waleyali misali bɛ nin hakilinaw jira: 138 kV, 100 km layini bɛ baara kɛ ni industriw ka doni ye 50 MW ni 0,85 Power Factor lagging. Layini paramɛtɛrɛw: Resistance 0,15 Ω/km, inductive reactance 0,40 Ω/km. Baara kɛ ni Medium-Line modeli ye, injiniyɛriw bɛ cikan jate-End voltage ka kan ka kɛ 142.3 kV ye walasa ka 138 kV di jaabi laban na-A 3.1% sariya. Ni fanga factor correction tun tɛ, regulation tun bɛna tɛmɛ 5% kan, o bɛ se ka kɛ sababu ye ka minɛnw baarakɛbaliya sɔrɔ a ɲinini waati la.

Utilités lakikaw bɛ gɛlɛya wɛrɛw sɔrɔ: doni caman ɲɔgɔnna tile bɛɛ kɔnɔ, funteni nɔ minnu bɛ sɔrɔ conducteur resistance la, ani distributed generation (sɛnɛfɛnw tilatilali) jɛɲɔgɔnya min bɛ se ka laadala fanga bolicogo miiriliw kɔsegin. Kuwati kura sɔrɔyɔrɔw ni kuran mɔbiliw doncogo min bɛ ka bonya, o ye tension regulation kɛ low-voltage distribution networks ye ka taa a fɛ, min bɛ fɛɛrɛ kuraw ɲini ka tɛmɛ laadala fɛɛrɛw kan.

Hali ni sariya siratigɛ la, a bɛ sigida kɛcogo ɲɛfɔ, min bɛ kɛ ni sariya ye, o bɛ tension (voltage) ɲɛnabɔ ni laɲini ye fɛɛrɛ suguya caman fɛ. Fɛɛrɛ kelen-kelen bɛɛ bɛ nafa danfaralenw di minnu bɛ bɛn baara kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnenw ma.

Linear regulators bɛ baara kɛ i n’a fɔ resistɛriw minnu bɛ se ka fɛn caman sɛmɛntiya ɛntɛrinɛti kan. U bɛ baara kɛ ni tɛmɛsira baarakɛminɛn ye i n’a fɔ MOSFET walima BJT min bɛ mara ni high-gain amplifier ye, ka kɔnɔna sɛgɛsɛgɛli voltage suma ni bɔli voltage sample ye walasa k’u ka danfara bila zeru la. O jaabi-yɔrɔ in bɛ tɛmɛsira-yɔrɔ ka resistansi ladilan ka ɲɛsin doni walima donna-yɔrɔ-ko caman ma.

Baarakɛcogo sariyasun bɛ dantigɛli danma dɔ sigi senkan: sinsinni sinsinniw bɛ se ka wuli dɔrɔn ka bɔ tension na, ani don tɛmɛnenw doncogo-Output differential dissipates as heat. Walasa ka 12V donta sɔrɔ min bɛ 5V bɔli bɔ 2A la, sariyasunba bɛ (12{{8}5)×2=14W jɛnsɛn i n’a fɔ funteni k’a sɔrɔ a bɛ 10W dɔrɔn lase Load-A 42% baarakɛcogo ma. O doni sumalen in bɛ kɛ sababu ye ka funteni-sɛnɛ kɛ min bɛ musaka, bonya ani funteni mara gɛlɛyaw fara a kan.

Hali ni baarakɛcogo ɲuman dɛsɛw don, sariyasunbatigiw bɛ fanga bonya u fanga bonya kan:

Mankan bɔli ka dɔgɔn .: Switching frequences (switching frequences) si ma don a la walima a bɛ se ka wuli ni kuran ye, min nafa ka bon kosɛbɛ analog circuits, audio equipment, ani RF systems .

Jaabi teliyalen waati tɛmɛnen .: Purely analog feedback bɛ jaabi di microseconds kɔnɔ ka doni caman yeli kɛ, min ka ɲi mikroporosesɛriw ma minnu ka sisan ɲininiw bɛ ɲɔgɔn Changer teliya la .

Design Simplicité .: min bɛ don/bɔ kondensatɛriw dɔrɔn de wajibiya ka tɛmɛ Regulator IC kan, ligne designs bɛ pankurun yɔrɔ ni a yɔrɔw jatebɔ dɔgɔya .

A ka musaka ka dɔgɔ .: High-Volume production ani circuits simples bɛ kɛ sababu ye ka linear regulators kɛ nafa sɔrɔta ye fanga hakɛ danmadɔw la .

LM7805, n’o ye 5V linear regulator ye min bɛ yɔrɔ bɛɛ, o bɛ misali di o kulu ma. A musaka bɛ $0.50 jukɔrɔ a hakɛ la, a bɛ se 1,5A ma ni 50-60MV layini sariya ye ani 100MV doni sariyasun. Batiri la-Fɛɛrɛ minnu bɛ don yɔrɔ minnu na, donta bɛ bɛn bɔli wajibiyalenw ma kosɛbɛ, Low{10}}Dropout (LDO) Linear Regulators bɛ baara kɛ ni donna-bɔ danfara ye 300mV duguma, ka tiɲɛni dɔgɔya ka sɔrɔ ka mankan nafaw mara.

Switching regulators (switching regulators) bɛ baara kɛ ni fɛɛrɛ wɛrɛ ye pewu: ka fanga marayɔrɔw (Inducteurs et capacitors) caman wuli ka bɔ donta la ka taa bɔli la. sɛgɛsɛgɛlikɛlaw bɛ se ka baarakɛcogo ɲuman sɔrɔ-A ka c’a la 85-95%{4}} nafa ka bon kosɛbɛ ni donna-bɔ-taabolo danfara nafamaw bɛ yen, nka u bɛ fɛn gɛlɛnw de wajibiya ani ka sɛgɛsɛgɛli mankan bɔ.

Topidiya jɔnjɔn saba bɛ fɛn caman tigɛli magow ɲɛnabɔ:

Buck (Step-Down)Convertisseurs bɛ dɔ bɔ voltage la ka ɲɛ. Switch (switch) bɛ ɲɔgɔn falen-falen inducteur (inducteur) ni input voltage (dadon) ni dugukolo cɛ frequences (fɔkanw) la ka Bɔ 100 kHz la ka Taa MHz caman na. Ni a sirilen bɛ donnakow la, kuran bɛ jɔ inductor kɔnɔ, ka fanga mara a magnɛti-yɔrɔ la. Ni 'yɔrɔ Yɛlɛmana dugukolo kan, 'yɔrɔ min bɛ 'yɔrɔ la, o bɛ fanga Bɔ bɔli la. Duty cycle (waati kɛmɛsarada la min bɛ tali kɛ donnakow la) bɛ bɔli voltage kunbɛn k’a ɲɛsin: vout=VIN × d.

Boost (Step-Poile)Convertisseurs bɛ voltage kɔrɔta ni complementaire switching ye. Ni switch ye inducteur ni dugukolo siri ɲɔgɔn na, current bɛ jɔ. Switch (switch) dabɔli bɛ inductor (inducteur) kuran wajibiya ka tɛmɛ bɔli diode (bɔli) fɛ, ka dɔ fara input voltage (donni tension) kan. Boost converters power LED backlights, batiri-Fɛɛrɛ minnu mago bɛ tension caman na, ani frein regénératif.

Buck-BoostConvertisseurs bɛ bɔli voltages di don sanfɛ walima duguma, min nafa ka bon batiri baarakɛcogo la yɔrɔ min na voltage bɛ danfara bɔ bɔli bɛɛ la. Batiri litiyamu kelen-Cell litiyɔmu bɛ bɔ 4,2V la ka se 3,0V ma; Buck-Boost Converter bɛ 3.3V bɔli sabatilen mara nin hakɛ in na.

Switching regulators (switching regulators) bɛ jateminɛ kɛ kosɛbɛ dilancogo jateminɛw na minnu bɛ kɛ ni ligne regulateurs ye:

Layidu sensitivity .: High-Frequency switching bɛ kuran forow dilan minnu bɛ se ka ɲɔgɔn sɔrɔ ka kɛ sɛrɛkiliw ye minnu bɛ kɛrɛfɛ. Donni ni bɔli kondensatɛriw ka kan ka bila ka surunya regulator la, dugukolo-yɔrɔw bɛ ɲini ka tila-tila koɲuman, ani inductor orientation matters.

Component sugandili .: Inductor nafa, sisan hakɛ, ani saturasiyɔn jogo bɛ nɔ bila baarakɛcogo ɲuman ni bɔli ripple la. Kondansa sugandili ka kan ka jate ESR (equivalent series resistance) la switching frequences la.

Contrôle loop sabatili .: Feedback Compensation Networks bɛ jaabi caman sɛgɛsɛgɛli de wajibiya walasa ka baara sabatilen sɔrɔ doni cogoyaw bɛɛ la ka sɔrɔ ka jaabi teliyalen mara waati dɔɔnin kɔnɔ.

Bi switching regulators bɛ baarakɛcogo caman fara ɲɔgɔn kan walasa ka waleyali nɔgɔya. Texas Instruments ka switcher simple series ani analog devices' μmodule regulators ye inductor ni control circuitry don pake kelen kɔnɔ, min bɛ kɛnɛma donna/bɔ kondensatɛriw dɔrɔn de wajibiya.

Transformateurs feroresonant .A bɛ sariya siratigɛ la min tɛ kelen ye, o jira. O transformateurw bɛ baara kɛ n’u ka magnetic core saturated for fanba ye AC cycle kɔnɔ, ka bɔli voltage constant constant dilan hali ni input variables caman bɛ yen, ka sɔrɔ fana ka harmoniques filɛ ani ka ride surun-seko kɛ fanga bɔnɛ waati la. U ka nɔgɔya n’u ka gɛlɛya bɛ bɛn izini sigida gɛlɛnw ma, nka u ka baarakɛcogo man ɲi (60-80%) ani funteni sɔrɔli dantigɛli baarakɛcogo. Arc welding power supplies ani bɔli yeelen bɛ nafa sɔrɔ ferorɛsonw ka jogo la.

On-Baara kɛ ni tap changeurs (OLCCs) ye .Aw bɛ tension regulation (voltaji) di distribution transformateur (jatebɔlan) ma. Tamps in the transformer’s series winding bɛ sira di ɛntɛrinɛti kunkankow ma ka fɛnw jiginni hakɛ ladilan ka sɔrɔ ka fanga di, ka don walima ka donta wuli walasa ka bɔli mara fɛn ɲɛfɔlenw kɔnɔ. Utilités bɛ OLTCw baara substations la walasa ka voltage jiginw musaka kɛ ka tɛmɛn jatebɔ feeders kan, a ka c’a la, u bɛ baara kɛ 32 senfɛ 0,625% ladilanni na walasa ka ±5% voltage bands mara.

Voltage Regulation

Voltage regulation sugandili n’a waleyacogo bɛ ɲini ka jateminɛ kɛ cogo la min bɛ tali kɛ fɛn caman na minnu bɛ tali kɛ ɲɔgɔn na. Sugandili juguw bɛ na ni sariyaw tiɲɛni ye minnu bɛ se ka kɛ u tɛ jira fo foro bilali, ka fɛn sɔngɔ gɛlɛnw dilan kokura walima foro kɔfɛta.

Sumaya ɲɛnabɔli bɛ fanga sɔrɔ liniyali sariyasunba ka ɲɛtaa kan .

Linear Regulators ka funteni bɔli bɛ tugu daɲɛ nɔgɔman na nka yafabali dɔ la: PDISS=(VIN - vout) × iload. Regulateur stepping 24V ka jigin ka se 5V ma ka sɔrɔ ka 2A di a bɛ 38W- caman bɔ ka tɛmɛ fanga sɔrɔcogo fanba ka bɔli kan. O doni sumalen in bɛ funteni-sɛnɛ de wajibiya min bɛ to ka dɔgɔya.

Jɛɲɔgɔnya-Ka-Kase Sumaya kɛlɛli (θJC) ani Case-Ka-Ambient thermique resistance (θCA) Baarakɛcogo funteni jateminɛ: TJ=TA + (θjc + θca) × pdiss. Ni ɲɔgɔndan funteni tɛmɛna jatebɔw kan (a ka c’a la 125-150℃), sariyasunba bɛ don funteni dafalen na, ka sistɛmu baara tiɲɛ. Misali 38W la ni θjc=2 degere /w ani θca=15 degere /w (n’i y’a miiri ko funteni hakɛ danmadɔ), ɲɔgɔndan funteni bɛ wuli ka se degere 25 ma + 17 × 38=671 degere -Fɛɛrɛko siratigɛ la. Nin ko in bɛ fiɲɛbɔli jagoyalen de wajibiya ka θCA dɔgɔya ka se degere 4 ma, walima ka wuli ka taa topidiya la min bɛ baara kɛ ka ɲɛ.

Donni-Output voltage différentiel guides topologie selection .

Voltage conversion ratio bɛ taabolo suguya caman kɛcogo dɔn. Linear regulators bɛ kɔrɔ sɔrɔ ni (VIN - vout) bɛ to fitinin ye-A ka c’a la 5V jukɔrɔ-ani bɔli kuran hakɛ. O dakunw kɔ fɛ, nafa caman sɛgɛsɛgɛli bɛ u ka gɛlɛya bonya.

Aw ye ko saba jateminɛ ka ɲɛsin 5V bɔli ma 2A la:

9V donna .: Linear bɛ 8W (64% baarakɛcogo ɲuman) jɛnsɛn, ka 1,5W switch (93% baara kɛ). Linear bɛ to ɲɛnamaya la ni mankan nafa ka bon ani yɔrɔ bɛ se ka funteni sɔrɔ.

24V donna .: Linear bɛ 38W (26% baarakɛcogo ɲuman) jɛnsɛn, ka 2,5W switch (91% ka baara kɛ). Switching clearly superior-Linear approach impractical sans forced cooling.

3.7V Li-Ion Batiri .: Linear tɛ se ka boost voltage; Buck-Boost switching wajibiyalen don. O bɛ danfara jɔnjɔn jira seko ni dɔnko la, a tɛ kɛ baarakɛcogo ɲuman dɔrɔn ye.

Load Current Dynamics cogoya tɛmɛnen baarakɛcogo .

Bi sigida nizɛriw bɛ doni girinmanw jira. Microprocesseurs (mikɔrɔporosesɛriw) bɛ wuli sunɔgɔ cogoyaw ni ɲɔgɔn cɛ minnu bɛ miliamps ni full-Power operation ɲini ka ampere caman ɲini mikrosekɔndi kɔnɔ. High-Power processeurs bɛ u lamini ni DRMOS puce tan ni caman ye-Intégrée driver ani power FET components-Ganged in parallel walasa ka current bɛrɛ di ani ka se ka nafa sɔrɔ hakɛ maksimali jukɔrɔ.

Regulateur transient response-Bolo bɔli teliya la ka bɔ doni caman cili la-A bɛ bɔ fɛn caman na:

Output capacitance .: Kondasiyɔn belebelebaw bɛ charge reservoir caman di transient waati la, dan bɛ tension dip, nka slow feedback loop jaabi. Nafa minnu bɛ sɔrɔ, olu bɛ daminɛ 10μF la ka ɲɛsin LDOw ma minnu ka dɔgɔ-sisan ka se 1000μF ma Multi-Amp sɛgɛsɛgɛlikɛlanw na.

Bandwidth ka jaabiw.: Teliya la loops bɛ filiw latilen joona nka farati bɛ basigibaliya la ni u sarala cogo bɛnbali la. Switching regulator control loops bɛ baara kɛ cogoya la 1/10nan na ka se 1/5 ma switching frequency.

ESR ka bɔli kondensatɛri .: Kondasiyɔn impedansi ka resistive component bɛ teliya ka tension step latigɛ doni transients waati la. low-ESR seramiki (a jukɔrɔ 10mΩ) walima polimɛri kondensatɛriw bɛ o nɔ in dɔgɔya.

Ɲɛfɔliw bɛ jaabi tɛmɛnen hakɛ jateminɛ i n’a fɔ bɔli tension deviation ani recovery time for a defined load step. Quality switching regulators bɛ bɔli mara 2-3% kɔnɔ 50% doni senfɛ, ka sɔrɔ ka sariyaw sɔrɔ 50-100 mikrosekɔndi kɔnɔ.

Sigida baarakɛyɔrɔw ka gɛlɛyaw yɔrɔ sugandili .

Voltage regulators ka kan ka baara kɛ ni dannaya ye funteni hakɛ dantɛmɛnenw na, donta tension variations, ani mechanical stress conditions spécifiques u application environment.

Industriw ka minɛnw bɛ se ka baara kɛ ka bɔ -40℃ka se +85℃. A ka c’a la , fɛn minnu bɛ kɛ ka fɛnw san, olu bɛ 0℃to +70℃lajɛ . Mobili sigidaw bɛ -40 degere ka se +125 hakɛ ma ni wajibi wɛrɛw ye kuran-magnetiki bɛnkan na ani masin-sɔgɔli kunbɛncogo. O jatebɔw tɛ lakana margins-components ye minnu bɛ se ka tiɲɛ ni fɛn ɲɛfɔlenw tɛmɛna.

Funteni bɛ nɔ bila regulateur paramètres bɛɛ la. voltage references drift ni température at rates estant in ppm/℃. Reference ni 50 ppm/℃coefficient shifts 0,005% degree-a bɛ iko a ka dɔgɔ, nka a bɛ fili 0,4% sɔrɔ℃80 kɔnɔ. 5V sigida la, o bɛ 20mV caman ɲɔgɔnna jira, o bɛ se ka kɛ sababu ye ka muɲuli wajibiyalenw tiɲɛ. Precision applications bɛ baara kɛ ni funteni ye-Fɛnɲɛnɛma minnu bɛ se ka 10 ppm/℃sɔrɔ .

Input voltage variations test line regulation seko. Batiri-Sistɛm minnu bɛ baara kɛ ni fanga ye, olu ye tension decay ye discharge bɛɛ kɔnɔ-A naani{3}}Cell Nimh Pack bɛ daminɛ 5.6V kura la ka se 4.0V ma. Mobili sitɛmuw bɛ nɛnɛ muɲu-Crank (7V) ani doni-DUMP (40V+) waati tɛmɛnenw. AC-Minɛn fanga ka kan ka kɛ buruburuni ni tension tɛmɛnen cogoyaw la. Regulateur selection ka kan ka input range dafalen fara margin kan.

Real-Duniɲa waleyaliw b’a jira cogo min na tension regulation bɛ nɔ bila baara musakaw la, fɛn dilannenw dannaya la, ani ɲɔgɔndan jɔyɔrɔw la iziniw kɔnɔ.

hyperscale data santiriw bɛ 1-2% dun diɲɛ kuran-terawatt-lɛrɛ 200 ɲɔgɔn san o san. Hali baarakɛcogo ɲuman ɲɛtaa bɛ kɛ sababu ye ka baarakɛcogo ɲuman caman sɔrɔ ani ka sigida laminiko gɛlɛya.

Donanw ka baarakɛyɔrɔ min bɛ ka bonya, o bɛ sankaba jatebɔ ni nizɛri baarakɛminɛnw boli, o ye dɔ fara voltage regulator deployment kan ka da a kan a magoba bɛ tension sabatili la yɔrɔw la infrastructures kɔnɔ. 10 MW ka baarakɛyɔrɔ dɔ bɛ dɔrɔmɛ 7- miliyɔn 8 kɛ san o san kuran na izini hakɛw la. 2% baarakɛcogo ɲɛnabɔli-A bɛ se ka kɛ ka tɛmɛn advanced voltage regulation kan ka fɛn caman sɔngɔ wuli-ka-bɔ-saves $140.000-160.000 san o san baarakɛyɔrɔ kelen na.

Google ka kunnafonidilanw bɛ baara kɛ ni custom voltage regulator modules (VRMS) ye min jɔyɔrɔ ka bon o yɔrɔnin bɛɛ la server processeurs kɛrɛfɛ, ka bɔnɛw dɔgɔya resistifs la power divery la. Nin "close-ka-Load" fɛɛrɛ in bɛ jatebɔ voltage dɔgɔya ka bɔ 12V la ka taa processeur core voltage (0,7-1,2V) la ni 92-94% ye ka kɛɲɛ ni 88-90% ye dilancogo kɔrɔw la. Google ka diɲɛ kɔnɔ fɛnsɔrɔsiraw kɔnɔ, o bɛ miliyɔn tan ni tan sɔrɔ san o san.

Engineering challenge bɛ bonya ni processeur fanga density ye. Bi Server CPUw bɛ 200-350W caman dun 50mm × 50mm die yɔrɔ la-Kunnafoni hakɛ min bɛ gɛrɛ 100 w/cm2 la. O fanga dili ka sɔrɔ ka tension mara ±50mV kɔnɔ, o bɛ multi-fasa sariya caman ɲini ni sisan tilacogo tigitigi ye ani jaabi teliya waati tɛmɛnen. musaka bɛɛ lajɛlen min bɛ kɛ ka ɲɛsin sanfɛla ma-End Server ka voltage regulation circuitry tɛmɛna $150 kan, o bɛ wariba jira- musaka minnu bɛ kɛ fɛn ye minnu bɛ jo sɔrɔ dɔrɔn dannaya ni baarakɛcogo ɲuman nafaw fɛ.

Otomatikiw dilanni siraw bɛ sensɛri, baarakɛminɛnw ani kunnafoni-falen-falen-minɛnw ba caman fara ɲɔgɔn kan minnu ka baarakɛcogo bɛ tali kɛ fanga sabatili la. Voltage irregularités bɛ MIS-Timing, Quality Defects, ani minɛnw tiɲɛni bila.

Semiconducteur fabrication facility bɛ ko dɔ jira min ka jugu kosɛbɛ. Fotolitografi minɛnw bɛ nanometiri-skala jɔyɔrɔ tiɲɛni mara lɛrɛw bɛɛ kɔnɔ-Yɔrɔjan jirali taabolo. Voltage variations minnu bɛ hali microsecond timing Jitter in Stepper Motor Controllers kɔnɔ, olu bɛ se ka masike misaliw kɛcogo bɛn, ka wafersw tiɲɛ minnu musaka ye $5000-10.000 ye. FAB-Wide voltage regulation systems minnu bɛ baara kɛ ni filɛri baarakɛtaw ye ani kondisiyɔn kɛcogo caman ye, olu ye sariya ye, o bɛ mɔgɔ miliyɔn caman ka musaka kɛ nka u bɛ bɔnɛw bali minnu bɛ tali kɛ fiɲɛ na, o hakɛ ka bon.

Fɛn dilanni nɔgɔman bɛ o ko suguw ɲɛnabɔ ni a hakɛ dɔgɔyara. Mobili yɔrɔw feerela dɔ min bɛ baara kɛ ni CNC masinw ye, o ye filiw sɔrɔ waati ni waati ni tension sags ye utility load switching waati la. 3-5% voltage dips ye milisekɔndi 100-200 dɔrɔn de kɛ nka a ye servo control systems tiɲɛ, ka kɛ sababu ye ka jɔyɔrɔ filiw tɛmɛ muɲuli kan. ka tension regulateurs sigi ni 10-15% correction range ye ani .<20ms response time eliminated defects, justifying the $30,000 equipment cost through prevention of $200,000+ annual scrap costs.

Voltage regulation in low-voltage distributions rezo ye gɛlɛya sɔrɔ ka taa a fɛ k’a sababu kɛ fanga kura sɔrɔyɔrɔw ni kuran mɔbiliw bonya ye, o bɛ fɛɛrɛ kuraw ɲini walasa ka tension profiles ɲɛnabɔ ka ɲɛ. Tile ni fiɲɛ bɔli bɛ sira fila fanga bolicogo jira ani bɔli teliya la, laadala grid infrastructures tun ma dabɔ ka min ladon.

Dugu kɔkan jatebɔ feeder min tɛ ni tension regulation ye, o bɛ se ka 8-10% voltage wuli yɔrɔw la ni tile bɔli gɛlɛn ye tilelafana kɔnɔ, ka utility voltage danw tiɲɛ ani ka se ka tile inverterw wajibiya ka bɔli dɔgɔya. Layini tension regulators (LVR) sigili yɔrɔw la minnu bɛ kɛ ni fɛɛrɛw ye balodɛsɛ sira kan, o bɛ tension mara ±5% danw kɔnɔ, o bɛ sira di fanga kura sɔrɔcogo caman ma.

Sɔrɔko bɛ sariyasunba ka nafolodonni fɛ. Utilité min bɛ dɔrɔmɛ 500.000 musaka kɛ ka LVRw sigi balolan kan, o bɛ se ka tile seko wɛrɛ 2-3 MW kɛ, n’o tɛ, a bɛna dɔrɔmɛ miliyɔn 2-3 ɲini substation upgrades walima feeder reconductoring na. Sariyasunba in bɛ 4-6× nafa sɔrɔ wari bilali la ka sɔrɔ ka fanga kura sɔrɔcogo tali kuntilenna dɛmɛ.

Batiri fanga marayɔrɔw bɛ o cogo kelen na, a bɛ ɲini ka tension (volta) caman sɔrɔ. Grid-Scale 10 MWH litiyɔmu-ion sigili bɛ tension caman ɲɔgɔnna sɔrɔ ka tɛmɛ 20% kan charge bɛɛ kɔnɔ-Discharge cycles. Seko ni dɔnko caman tigɛli siraw ka kan ka DC voltage labɛn ka taa inverter la ka sɔrɔ ka baarakɛcogo ɲuman mara-Typical designs A bɛ se ka 96-97% baarakɛcogo ɲuman sɔrɔ ni sɛgɛsɛgɛlikɛlanw ye minnu bɛ se ka wuli nivo saba ye ni voltage control active ye.

Batiriw ka kemisɛriw danfaralenw ka voltage cogoyaw bɛ nɔ bila sariyaw labɛnni na k'a ɲɛsin u ma, o min b' a ɲɛfɔ mun na barow bɛ kɛ a lamini na .Batiri minnu bɛ kɛ ni litiyɔmu ye.Tuma caman na, u bɛ sinsin bɔli profiles kan. Litiyamu selilɛriw bɛ tension flat (3.0-3.7V hakɛ ni SAG fitinin) mara u bɔli waati fanba bɛɛ la, ka sɔrɔ selilu alkalini bɛ tension (volta) dɔgɔyali banbali jira ka bɔ 1,6V la ka se 0,9V ma. O danfara jɔnjɔn bɛ litiyɔmu batiriw kɛ fɛn ye min ka fisa kosɛbɛ minɛnw ma minnu ka tension regulation regulation wajibiyalenw bɛ sɔrɔ- kamera nimɔrɔw, furakɛli minɛnw, ani elekitoronikiw minnu bɛ se ka ta, olu bɛ baara dabila ni fɛnw dili bɛ jigin ka tɛmɛ dakun kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnenw kan. Batiri alkaliw bɛ baara kɛ ka ɲɛ dɔrɔn baarakɛminɛnw na minnu bɛ muɲu ni wulili ye walima minnu bɛ baara kɛ ni buck-boost regulation barikama ye walasa ka voltage curve dɔgɔyali musaka bɔ.

Voltage Regulation

Voltage regulation dɛsɛw bɛ jira cogo nɔgɔlenw na minnu bɛ gɛlɛyaw ɲɛnabɔli gɛlɛya. Sɛgɛsɛgɛli sigilen bɛ taa ɲɛ ni a taamasiɲɛw ye minnu bɛ se ka kɔlɔsi ka taa a bila a ju la.

Taamasiɲɛ: Minɛnw bɛ segin u cogo kɔrɔ la walima u kɛcogo bɛ se ka wuli .

Ni nizɛri sitɛmuw bɛ seginkanniw jira minnu tɛ ɲɛfɔli kɛ, kunnafoniw tiɲɛnenw, walima baarakɛcogo min tɛ bɛn ɲɔgɔn ma, tension regulation (volta) dafabaliya doni waati tɛmɛnenw na, tuma caman na, o bɛ gɛlɛya in sinsin. Microcontrollers bɛ a ɲini ka tension to ka tɛmɛ 90-95% kan nominal waati la baarakɛ-birifeli jigintɔ nin dakun in jukɔrɔ o bɛ Brownout dɔnni ni sistɛmu lasegin.

Sɛgɛsɛgɛli bɛ osilloscope (osilloscope) sumani de wajibiya, min bɛ kɛ ka ɲɛsin fɛnw sɔrɔli ma baara kɛcogo la, kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnenya la, ko kɛlen tɛmɛnenw minɛni. Set trigger to capture voltage bɛ jigin 95% duguma tɔgɔ la, ni hakilijagabɔ juguya bɛrɛ ye walasa ka milisekɔndi caman sɛbɛn ka kɔn ko kɛlen ɲɛ ani a kɔfɛ. Ni waati tɛmɛnenw bɛ i n’a fɔ a bɛ tali kɛ doni caman yeli la (motow bɛ daminɛ, transmitters activating, etc.), regulation inadequacy bɛ Sɛmɛntiya.

ɲɛnabɔli bɛ bɔ a la ni ko in bɛ bɔ sariyasunba dantigɛliw la walima bɔli seko dɔgɔyali la. Ni bɔli bɛ se ka caya, o bɛ fanga marayɔrɔ tɛmɛnen caman di-Doubling capacitance halves voltage dip magnitude. Ni capacitance (capacitance) bɛ bonya jira returns (segin) la, regulateur (labɛnbaga) ka loop (dafalen) ka bandwidth (dafalen) bɛ se ka jaabi teliya la, o bɛ regulateur (labɛncogo) sugandili teliya walima sigida point ({3}}) de wajibiya.